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Tuberculosis in relation to HIV
The co-epidemic of tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is one of the major global health challenges in the present time. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports 9.2 million new cases of TB in 2006 of whom 7.7% were HIV-infected.〔(Global Tuberculosis Report 2012 ). ''World Health Organization''.〕 Tuberculosis is the most common contagious infection in HIV-Immunocompromised patients leading to death.〔(Tuberculosis infection control in the era of expanding HIV care and treatment ). ''World Health Organization'' (1999).〕 These both diseases become dreadful in combination as HIV declines the human immunity while tuberculosis becomes progressive due to defective immune system.This condition becomes more severe in case of multi-drug (MDRTB) and extensively drug resistant TB (XDRTB), which are difficult to treat and contribute to increased mortality. See Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis. Tuberculosis can occur at any stage of HIV infection. The risk and severity of tuberculosis increases soon after infection with HIV. A study on gold miners of South Africa revealed that the risk of TB was doubled during the first year after HIV seroconversion.〔(Tuberculosis and HIV ). ''University of California'' (January 2013).〕 Although tuberculosis can be a relatively early manifestation of HIV infection, it is important to note that the risk of tuberculosis progresses as the CD4 cell count decreases along with the progression of HIV infection.〔(Tuberculosis (TB) ). ''AIDS InfoNet''. February 4, 2014.〕 The risk of TB generally remains high in HIV-infected patients above the background risk of the general population even with effective immune reconstitution with ART maintaining high CD4 cell counts.〔(Medscape login )〕
==Categories of tuberculosis and HIV infection==
Tuberculosis is categorized into two types: active disease or latent infection. Active TB infection is symptomatic and contagious while latent TB infection is usually asymptomatic and non conatgious.〔(Tuberculosis (TB): Types ). ''National Jewish Health''.〕 Only 10% lifetime chances are there to progress the latent infection into active tuberculosis disease. If proper treatment is not given in case of active disease then death rate is up to 66%. See Tuberculosis/Research. HIV infection is also of two types: latent infection or active disease.〔(Disorders Associated With The Immune System ).〕 After viral DNA integration into host genome, the virus may become latent, allowing the virus and its host cell to be in suspended stage so as to avoid detection by the immune system while in active infection, the virus transcribes, produces new RNA genomes and viral proteins which gets packaged and released from the cell as new virus particles thus allowing further replication process and producing more viral particles. See HIV
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